square official

[Exatem]

Do the English run? 24 October 1940 xviii.

after the speech of mussolini from the balcony of Piazza venezia with which he announced the entrance to war of Italy, in the major states of sedan and tokyo, no one can mask his impatience. all are convinced that Italy will announce a great military operation in the style that the lightning war of German invention today imposes. also the German agents of the secret service under the orders of admiral canaris fremono.

What are the Italians planning?

the answer is in the logic of tactics and strategies that war imposes. malt will be occupied by the Italians since the first day of war.
In fact, that tiny spot on nautical cards, represents a real plug in the flank in Italian operations in libia. also the German ally is of the same conviction.
the general enno von rintelen, military officer in Rome, is charged with discovering the intentions of the Italians but his research does not arrive at anything; so that canaris responds “evidently the Italians know how to keep their secrets better than the Germans”.

in malta on June 10th it is a warm torrid but since the radio announced the news of the entrance to the war of Italy, the English are hungry to make bassoon and move away from the island. all family members of the garrison are evacuated and aircraft and ships leave mortar.
in the rush to evacuate the island, the English carrier “glorius” forgets three “gladiator” planes disassembled in a warehouse.
will be the three planes destined to become famous with the nicknames of “faith”, “hope” and “charity” (the last two of which will be knocked down by our hunt, while “faith” will survive the conflict and is still exhibited in the Valais museum). the names with which these three planes were baptized are symptomatic of the state of mind of the defenders of the island. no one in London is willing to bet a penny on the fate of mortar. Moreover, with Sicily at 80 km and the Italian bombers at half an hour of flight it is useless to get illusions.

but the incredible happens.

the Italian commands turn their attention exclusively to the dazzling france and neglect the only objective that could turn in our favor the war in the Mediterranean.
strangely the most disappointed one is the military officer in roma of the Japanese Empire who fails to explain the Italian decision. “mussolini declared on the 10th day that Italy would start hostilities the next day. Why warn the enemy in advance? Then came the 11th, the 12th, the 13, the 14th and I still expected the start of operations against malt. all this is absolutely incomprehensible.”

Even the English initially do not believe the Italian error, but when they realize it, following the indications of churchill, they begin to fortify the island by turning it into a deadly offensive weapon.
on 9 July 1940 for the first time since the beginning of the conflict, an Italian naval formation comes into contact with the “mediterranean fleet” that is, the English fleet in the Mediterranean. for a casualty the two formations are spotted 30 miles from tip in calabria. the meeting is called casual because neither of them went out to hunt the opponent. the Italians fall from Benghazi after having escorted a convoy of supplies while our opponents went out from an Alexandrian to go against a convoy departed from mortar.
the ratio of forces appears quite balanced.
the British commander andrew cunningham has the armoured “warspite”, “malaya” and “royal sovereign”, of the aircraft carrier “eagle” with 17 aircraft, five light cruisers and fourteen fighters.
inigo champions, Italian admiral, has two battleships, the “cavour” and the “julio cesare”, six heavy cruisers; “trento”, “fiume”, “zara”, “pola”, “gorizia” and “bolzano”, eight light cruisers, sixteen destroyers.

at 13,15 Italian cruisers are attacked without success by aerosilurants of the eagle. the next two hours spend in a relative calm with the Italians who maneuver to give time to the air force to intervene in support. here is one of the strangeness of the Italian strategic approach represented by the independence of the various weapons. the amm. samples, to get the aerial support must ask for the authorization to the nearest marine command that in turn, must turn the request to the nearest air command.
at 15.15 the first contact between cruisers occurs. the fight lasts 15 minutes without registering damage between the parts excluded some splinters on the English “neptune”. at 15.31 the 381 mm English frame our cruisers who manoeuvre to take off shooting while the cauliur and the cesare julium open fire from 30,000 meters.
the precision of Italian shooting recommends the English to maintain a certain caution. but at 15.37 a blow of the seventh save of the warspite center the cesare julion on the poppiero fumaiolo. the resulting fire causes the entrance of gas and fumes in the engine room so that the speed drops to 18 knots.
specimens, to avoid leaving the cesare alone, orders a combination to the left under the protection of the smokescreens and launches the attack with the torpedo boats. the Bolzano is reached by three bullets one of which damages the rudder while the cesare, remedies to the damage suffered and resumes the course to 22 knots of speed. the Italians continue to fold towards messina chased up to 25 miles from the calabria by the English.
at that point cunningham decides that it is time to suspend the hunt.

our planes arrive, as it was logical, when the clash is now finished (although 126 our planes attack the enemy ships until late evening). eagle, malaya and warspite are affected but suffer limited damage.
our commands emphasized beyond measure the clash and mussolini was convinced that half of the enemy fleet had been put out of combat.
This first battle showed how serious was the lack of coordination between our armed forces against an opponent who, on the contrary, managed to amalgamate their own.

Unfortunately, no teaching was taken from this lesson.

the war goes wrong, on 27 September was signed the tripartite pact between germany, japan and Italy and on 28 October we invaded the Greek but germany practically lost the battle of inghilterra.

hitler had to give up the planned invasion of the island.

 

[Exatem]

Empire (black face)25 October 1940 xviii.
new war mission. destination ambush area in front of alessandria.
the france has long surrendered and signed the armistice, leaving so from the theatre. from 14 July began what will pass to history as the battle of inghilterra with which goering illude to defeat raf and bend British resistance. on 13 September then, the attack on the egitto began.
war also reached the north of Africa.
Accordingly to the disappearance of the French scene, Maricosom has placed new areas of operating interest with particular interest in gibilterra and alessandria of egitto. but the British, with the experience gained in ten months of war in the Atlantic against the German u-boots, are very fierce and fearsome.
today we have had an unwelcome visit but to which it will be good to get used quickly. a large quadrimotor hydroplane (a short sunderland) appeared suddenly drawing wide circles above us but keeping itself out of the reach of our weapons. The English use these huge birds to find out and attack us. then, after having forced us to immerse ourselves, thanks to their great autonomy, they remain in the area communicating to the surface forces our route and position.

but how, were we not the “great travelers”?

in the early 1930s the political situation was now stable and solid.
Italy had become accustomed to the regime and obscured the leader. in this climate of general euphoria, the quadrumviro italo balbo organized the second and most famous trip of the Atlantic in commemoration of the tenth anniversary of the birth of the aeronautical director on 28 March 1923. the Mediterranean cruises and the first Southern Atlantic voyage of 1931 were prepared.
but on July 1, 1933, twenty-five beets s.55x took off at the time of New York.
the “ferrarese” thanks to this epic enterprise, had obtained a reputation even greater than that of mussolini (and this perhaps will be the cause of its premature disappearance).

some of my friends commanding of submarines, are located in the base of slaughter and are part of the submersible group red dependent on marisupao.
are there to defend “the empire” wanted by mussolini and the empire, will be topic of discussion today.

While we are sitting at lunch in our small square, I ask the director to keep us a “lection” on the subject. venier does not repeat twice and lets himself be overwhelmed by his innate passion for the study also urged by fork that in dialect partnopeus, he baptized him “or professor” precisely because of his deep culture.

an agreement with the land had opened the road to Italian penetration in western Ethiopia, with the construction of a railway between eritrea and somalia. in 1927, Albania became an Italian protectorate.
in libia, during the governorship de bono (1925-28), the repression of the rebels accompanied a cautious demographic colonization that privilegeed the settlement of the Italian direct growers in the gebel area. Later, the governor of Lebanon, and the deputy governor of the Peruvian Cyrenaic, deported the gebel population to concentration camps along the coast; in 1931 there was the public execution of the Libyan sheikh omar-al-mukthar.
in the eastern colonies, somalia and eritrea, the situation was quieter: in somaly the sultanates of fog and migurtin were reconquered, and the penetration went beyond the Ethiopian border. Eritrea was strategically important as it was the basis for Ethiopian expeditions and the Italian-Eritrean relations were always good: Italy gave a favorable vote to the admission of eritrea in the society of nations
“It is necessary to start from 25 March 1934 when the second plebiscite was held in Italy – he began aptitude – “it is necessary to recognize that it was essentially a propaganda action, which had to provide the regime with an official and solidity derived from a very wide consensus. In practice, a list of 400 Members appointed by the great council of fascism was to be accepted. the 96,25% ...”
- “excerpt – intervened fork – “the cards for the were tricolored and those for the no were white, it didn’t take long to recognize who and how he had voted ...”
“already” – filming anger – “in fact after a few days the first arrests took”.
“So the consensus was and authorized Mussolini to start looking beyond the end. the myres were directed towards the somaly and already from the 34 there was a pretext to attack the negus hailè selassiè. ”

on the night between 5 and 6 December a confrontation occurred at the Somali border between soldiers of our colonial troops and Abyssini soldiers. was the long-awaited pretext. for practically all the following year, Mussolini sank the other nations in anticipation of our attack and galvanized the people. Then he called five divisions of the Royal Army and five of the volunteer militia. on 3 October, under the command of emilio de bono, operations began. eight days after the Venetian decree sanctions against Italy (which will enter into force on 18 November).
“So there were prohibited loans and credits, the import of Italian goods and the export of raw materials was prohibited” – I observed.
“Yes, but paradoxically, there was no embargo on the import of oil and semi-finished” – noted fork.
“but in practice” – he continued anger – “was the only albion perfidious to observe the rules of the embargo.”
In fact, both Germany and the United States, supported us openly and the Russian itself has always continued to supply naphtha Italy.

so the regime was able to take advantage of the sanctions and the people were striving even more around its head, leading it to the conquest of a place in the sun. This is how the aautarchia was born according to which everything must be produced and consumed in Italy.
thanks to the Austrians, Italy did not suffer much of these measures, and indeed strengthened its alliance with Germania, which now became the only friend country. Moreover, oil, indispensable to continue the war, was excluded from the embargo; use and germany did not apply sanctions. other measures were taken, such as gold donation to the homeland, with which Italian couples were invited to donate their wedding rings. the measure was welcomed by millions of people, including the king and the queen, who gave their wedding rings on the altar of the homeland, and blessed cross, known anti-fascist, which gave the state its senator medal.

“It will be Mr. Venier – the cook who was serving us the lunch – “it will also be that I am a defeatist, but I preferred tea to the carcadè”
“then we are all unfaithful” – I answered – and we laughed. “and in any case the aurarchy also entered our language “- I observed – “all foreign words were replaced with Italian; the English key became the key-dead, the ferry-boat became the pontoon train-battle ...” and we continued in a sort of game in looking for those words that the regime had banned and their replaced italics.

the Ethiopian war had been intended essentially to support the colonial expansion policies of fascism, to divert attention from internal problems and to claim the wave of adua where on 1 March 1896, 100,000 Ethiopians led by menelik, overwhelmed 16,000 Italian soldiers led by barterers.
but I interrupted the historical account of my second and so I invited him to continue.

(follows...) )

 

[Exatem]

(... follow)

"while the society of nations sanctified our country, emilio de bono was siluted and its place entrusted to Marshal Badoglio. on 3 October 1935 the military expedition constituted by 100,000 Italian soldiers and a considerable number of áscari, under the command of the Marshal emilio de bono, began to advance from their bases of somalia and eritrea, with the support of planes, artillery and armored means.
a war planned badly and fought worse, he was stalking us in a barren territory and devoid of any resource.
not that they lacked supplies, indeed, so many arrived that they did not know how to get them to the troops. However, the cities of adigrat, adua, axum, a strip of tigrè and macallè were occupied.
one of the first decisions taken by de bono on the Abyssinian territory conquered was the liberation of slaves and the abolition of slavery.
At the same time, at the beginning of the campaign in the north, a contingent commanded by the general rodolph Graziani moved from the Italian somaly on the south front and, in about twenty days, occupied the Ethiopian presidi of dolo, ualaddaie, bur dodi and dagnarei, meeting weak resistances.
In January 1936, the second phase began: Graziani fired a carpet bombing on the jube that dispersed the Abyssian army. in the following February, Badoglio defeated the Ethiopian troops to amba aradam and in April, obtained reinforcements from Italy and from the libia, led to the final offensive.
Badoglio was also authorized to use the gases and while the war became an opportunity to dispense honors to the hierarchies, inaudite massacres were committed which were made public by foreign newspapers.
these were the result of the brutal killing of minniti titus, an Italian pilot who fell into enemy territory who was tortured and beheaded.

on May 5, 1936 the troops of the abbey entered addis abeba and on the following Saturday Mussolini announced the foundation of the empire. And it came back to be imperial and victorious, Emanuele ii assumed the title of king and emperor.
the Ethiopian war was over but the promised wealth did not come. "

in gold, iron, or wheat, they came from the colony. In fact, the state crates suffered a real collapse by dispersed enormous amounts of money in the construction of roads, bridges, dams and even more serious, illusory mussolini having a powerful and modern army, capable of facing any European nation.

 

[sail]

The story is back!

as usual compliments, from your writings always betrays a great love for the history and humanity that lived it.

we look forward to the next part! I recommend, let's not beat the pussy!.

 

[Exatem]

The story is back!

as usual compliments, from your writings always betrays a great love for the history and humanity that lived it.

we look forward to the next part! I recommend, let's not beat the pussy!.

Okay, so I'll put myself under...
Thank you.

 

[Exatem]

We will break the kidneys to the Greek 30/10/1940 xviii

somewhere in the southern Mediterranean.

the beginning of the war for Italy was not exalting.
and did not end with the fall of the france as it had been expected.
as if this was not enough two days ago the duce, to the cry of "spezzare the kidneys to the Greek" and, after the promise of resignation from Italian in case our troops do not succeed in the enterprise, announced the attack in the Balkans. Perhaps in making this decision mussolini has taken into consideration several political aspects and not.
the hitler germany takes more and more weight every day within the pact thanks to the amazing victories obtained by wermacht.
Moreover, according to our military commands, conquering a base like the Greek and its islands will help to strengthen the Italian presence in the eastern Mediterranean.
Also cyan, foreign minister, believes the simple invasion and favored by the corruption of the Greek political leadership, sure that at the right time, will operate the overthrow of the government itself. to this we must add the fear of British expansionist myres towards the Balkan Peninsula. Our government is afraid that the Greek territory can be used by the British to bomb Albanian, southern Italy and the Romanian oil wells.

Thus on 28 October the troops of the Royal Army, starting from the Albanian bases, entered the Greek territory. our divisions were immediately in difficulty encountering unexpected resistance.
the months to follow will be the most dramatic of the conflict for our armed forces.
Although the Greek was ruled by ioannis metaxas in a nationalist regime near fascism, in fact the country was linked to the great Brittany.
the reasons for contrast were traced back to 1923 when an Italian commission in charge of delimiting the borders with Albania, was massacred near ioannina. Italy reacted by occupying the island of Corfu then, with time relationships improved and, came to the signing of a peace and friendship treaty. but with the approach of the war, in 1939 the Greek will to remain neutral led to the failure to renew this pact. on August 15, 1940 then, during a traditional religious holiday on the island of tinos, our submersible “delfino” silurava, sinking it, the Greek cruiser “helli”.
the responsibility of the very serious episode (at the moment Greek was still neutral), was denied by Italy despite the finding of the remains of our torpedo.
when Hitler decided to invade the Romanesque without first consulting with the duce and who instead recommended not to take any action in the Balkans, the latter broke the Hindus by deciding for the attack.

already from July the major sate of the Royal Army has studied plans for intervention in Greek, considering necessary at least 20 divisions with the necessary logistic support. If the Greeks do not oppose the occupation, it will be enough to invade the epirus and idol jonies.
in the morning of the 28 Italian troops cross the border with Albanian advancing 150 km from the mountain grammos to the sea.

the Italian forces are constituted by the coastal grouping with the 3rd granatieri regiment of sardegna, the 6th lancieri regiment of aosta, the 7th Milan cavalry regiment and a battalion of black shirts.
the xxv corps of the ciamuria, consists of the 51st division of Siena Infantry, the 23rd division of Ferrara Infantry, the 13th centaured armoured division with 163 light tanks and 3500 Albanian volunteers. the xxvi corps of army with the 49th division of pama infantry, the 29th division of Piedmontese infantry . the 3rd alpine division julia and the 19th division of Venetian infantry coming from Yugoslavia as well as the 53° division of infantry arezzo initially left to cover the border with Yugoslavia.
to these forces the Greeks oppose the 8th and 9th Infantry Division for a total of 39 battalions.

Italian advance is slowly due to disastrous environmental conditions. the small l3 tanks are immediately in difficulty on the mud covered slopes while aviation cannot operate because of bad weather. Moreover the adverse conditions of the sea prevent the planned landing of corfù. after four days the Italians take konitsa reaching the Greek fortified line but collide against the enemy resistance. the 3rd alpine julia division, with 10,000 men, advances in the mountains of the pindo.
from 31 October the Greek resistance becomes more sour. on 2 November, after 40 km with impossible climatic conditions, the Italians enter vovousa where the advance is stopped due to the impossibility of bringing supplies and seen the Greek resistance that from that moment begins to regain the lost ground.
the Greek attack caught the Italians by surprise; the perfect mastery of the territory allows them to infiltrate through the ribs avoiding the valleys where the Italians are located. In this way, they strike from above with the mortars the positions in a war of worn-outness that puts hard evidence the divisions parma, venezia and Piedmont. waiting for the bari and Trieste divisions to reach the ports of Albania, the Italian troops continue to fight courageously against the weather conditions.
the kalamas river, 70 meters wide and deep 3, is unparalleled and must be crossed at the mouth by the lancieri di aosta and the siena forming a solid bridge head. instead the julia is in serious danger finding itself alone, surrounded and, not being able to count on supplies or reinforcements. the available food and ammunition are only as the soldiers have with them. commanding the retreat means admitting his defeat for which the general group hesitates to give the order.
but on November 4, the pressure of the Greeks becomes even stronger.
a company of motorcyclists targets, carts and artillery of the centaur are sent to protect the lines of communication while at last the julia is given the order to fold.
the retreat ends on the 10th and after three more days the Italians are discarded from the mountains of the pindo.

the battle was an overwhelming Greek victory.

(follows...) )

 

[Exatem]

(...cont'd)

the months between November 1940 and January 1941, are for the Italian armed forces, the most dramatic of the whole war and mussolini perhaps understands that he will never emulate the military enterprises of hitler.

even in rome someone begins to worry beginning to distribute responsibility to one or another. most of the faults are attributed to the air force incapable of sufficiency of the troops on the ground. incredibly the iv aerial team in puglia, to which it touches the task, is not connected by phone with the command in Albanian.
until an underwater cable is laid, the communications happen through an officer who in the plane shoves between tyrant and toast.
on 6 November is constituted the group of army of albania with the divisions Piedmont, arezzo, parma, venezia, Ferrara, centauro, siena, julia and bari with the tridentina reserve. the armed ix will then be reinforced with other 4 divisions while other 3 will be held reserve in puglia. all device must be ready for December 5th. Italy trying to take shelter and remedy the figure, tries to send as many divisions as possible in Albanian to reinforcement of the troops while mussolini, angry for the bend of the events, replaces the commander of the group of Albanian visconti prasca, with the general soddu who, just assumed the position, orders to attest on the defensive.

the Italian invasion has already failed.

all war is taking a bad turn to Italy. on November 12, English aerosilurants severely damaged two battleships and other ships in that became famous as “the night of taranto”.
At the same time British planes are sent to reinforcement in Greek, while over 4000 men go to form the anti-aircraft defense. air superiority passes from us to the English.
shows all the unpreparing and approximation of the command chain of our army. the divisions, as soon as they land in Albanian, are sent to the front without waiting for the departments to be completed losing so fragmented, the weight that they should have.
is what happened to the modena and that will also happen to other divisions. chaos is total while mussolini frenetically storms of phone calls the commands by urging, intervening, ordering.

on 30 November visconti prasca is put on leave while representing an alibi too weak for the duce, responsible for wrongly choosing man, moment, place and opponent. the true manager, the only plausible scapegoat is the marshal caregiver, but, as already headquartered, he is preparing his defense. attacked by the jar roberto farinacci on the pages of the daily “ fascist regime” the marshal presents his resignation as head of general state, role held for over 15 years, and is replaced on December 4, 1940, by the general cavalry.
Badoglio believes that victorious emanuele ii will intervene in his defense but this does not happen, indeed, the king in response to mussolini declares: “You must not believe that I look after the end is irreplaceable. I am indeed persuaded that even in this case not all evil will come to harm.” Badoglio is “free” from the duce.

the German general kaitel, in an interview with the Marshal Badoglio had between 14 and 15 November, expressed his disappointment in the situation stating that germany considers necessary “the total annihilation of the Greek that is turning into an important aeronaval base for allies”.
I look after his defense to try to download all the blame on the politicians who misinterpreted the real conditions of the Greek.
in the same hours in which this interview is carried out the Greek offensive and while in rome are carried out these squalid palace games, the julia is immersed in the mud. without food, under the constant aggression of the Greek army and the population, the splendid julia division is now reduced to a ghost division having lost more than a fifth of its actual.

is the dawn of 14 November, dawn particularly tragic for the Italians.
on the mountains is already winter, a cold and hard winter characteristic of the Albanian mountains plagued by the bora with the thermometer that drops many degrees below zero.
the general alexandros papagos launches his 250,000 soldiers against our 150,000 by breaking down the Italian defenses forced to fold on a new defensive line.
the 18 mussolini gives a speech in the direction of the Venetian palace in front of the pnf hierarchy in which he mentions the famous phrase: “After long pazientare we have torn the mask to a country guaranteed by the great sea brethren, a subdule enemy, the Greek.... the harsh valleys of the epirus and their muddy streets do not lend themselves to lightning wars as they would demand the incorrigibles who practice the convenient strategy of the pins on the cards. no act or word of mine or government and no responsible factor has made it foresee. I said we'd break the negus kidneys. Now, with the same absolute certainty, I repeat absolute, I tell you that we will break the kidneys to the Greek. in two or twelve months does not matter. war has just begun. we have enough men and means to destroy all Greek resistance. the English help cannot prevent the fulfillment of our very firm intention, nor to the Hellenians the catastrophe they wanted and demonstrated to deserve. thinking or doubting something different means not knowing me. once I start, I don’t move until the end. I have already demonstrated and whatever happens, or may happen, I will return to prove it. the 372 fallen, the 1081 wounded, and the 650 dispersed in the first ten days of fighting on the epirus will be revenged.”(follow...)

 

[Exatem]

(...cont'd)

the duce speaks, the julia, which temporarily ceded its sector to the bari division, is forced to return to the front line for the failure of this unit thrown to the front without artillery. for the violence of the attack many Italian forces are in a difficult position and the enemy infiltrates between the positions putting in crisis the already fragile lines of communication.
the Italian command is alarmed and the urgent sending of “everything is possible”.
it is decided to furnish along the ridge of the Moravian mountains but the targets that protected the side of the bari division had to reposition more back discovering thus the side.
chaos is total, between rain, snow, grenades and mortar blows, fighting is furious.
There's no medicine, no bandages, no field hospitals. in the evening of 19 Soddu decides that it is inevitable to furnish of 50 km predisposing a new defensive line and asks for authorization both at bay and at the duce, contrary to yield part of Albanian to the Greek advance.
I doubt that it must also “digest” the harsh criticism of hitler that in a letter complains of the inappropriate Italian initiative.
so to soddu is left the responsibility to decide on the fold that takes place during the night of 21. also the coastal grouping back with the siena, the ferrara and the centaur.
is the recognition of defeat.
our troops are morally destroyed and physically exhausted. but it is not that the Greeks are better. In fact, they do not take advantage of the situation fearing to fall into a trap. only on the 28th, after a furious battle against the regiments of the Venetian, they take pogradec considered a valuable defensive bastion.

on 4 December the Soddu general declared himself pessimist on Italian possibilities and proposed a political solution of the war welcomed by mussolini with the following phrase “Almost asking for the armistice to Greek is preferable to leave all for Albania and get us killed on the spot.” in the afternoon of the same day, cavalry arrives by plane in Albanian and meets soddu which, it makes the point of the situation: zero reserve food; minimum equipment, zero winter garments, zero infantry ammunition, exhausted artillery ammunition, null genius material, inadequate health material, while the Greeks continue to fight with enthusiasm.
on 18 December Cavalry held a meeting in Rome in which it summarizes the situation of the front. by now you fight only to resist while the freezing cases between our soldiers reach worrying figures.
the year, however, ends with another clarification.
soddu is “convoked” in Rome and remains them.

until then the German major state showed no particular interest in the Balkans except two particular “strategic interests”: Romanian oil and Slavic hand.
all the populations of the area had to accept to work for third reichs without causing problems. the situation for the Slavic populations fell just after the Italian aggression to the Greek. paradoxically, if mussolini had actually managed to “spezzare the kidneys to Greeks”, hitler would not have lost time to invade Yugoslavia and the Balkans.
but the Italians have strangled in a trench war and the land has taken advantage of it to help the ally.
the danger represented by the aerial bases that the British are preparing to create and from which they can hit the Romanian oil wells, worries germany. It is therefore essential to have an intervention that will wipe out every English vellity on the birth.

at the end of 1940 the relations between Yugoslavia and Germany are more than tense even if the Yugoslav President and the Foreign Minister assure hitler and von ribbentrop of the will to approach the German positions.
but for hitler the Slavs continue to hold their feet in two brackets and this is unacceptable.
the reality is that the apparently neutral politics of Yugoslavia inspired by the Paolo prince, who underwood seeks the support of Greek and engrave, is a very dangerous game. the nation is absolutely unprepared militarily to hold the clash with the Germans in addition to the risk that Croatian, in the hope of gaining independence, faces its back. but the land cannot provide the 200,000 men of which it needs. between 4 and 5 March the German Chancellor meets the Pauline Regent, illustrating the European situation. Germany has defeated France, the great brethren is at the same time, there are no more territorial demands, it is only lacking to define an order that guarantees peace. “Maybe he doesn’t believe Germany on the point of winning the war? ”. fhurer understands that there is some concern for the Italian attack on Greeks, but Yugoslavia must feel reassured by Germania.
so Yugoslavia is closed in a grip.
after feverish negotiations, the Slavic government accepted entry into the tripartite on condition that it was not involved in the war. but while government representatives sign the pact with the Germans, the population revolts and occupies the key points of the capital. the president of the council is arrested and the paul regent is forced to abdicate. but the coup is learned by hitler with one of his memorable, violent shots of wrath.
on 27 March goering receives the order of “destroying beards by air bombings” while the order of invasion is issued while with a long telegram, asks roma of “to enslave in turn”.

Thus, while at sedan one wonders what confidence can offer Italian reassurances, on 9 April 21 German divisions, besides other 11 reserve, cross the border, the 10 Zagreb is taken, the 12 falls sisac, bihac and karlovac where Germans and Italians join. The Slavs are encircled, swept away. Now wermacth can take advantage of the Greek.
but the anxiety of mussolini, in which rhetoric has the best on logic, makes smania grow in the duce of “arriving before” of the ally so as to listen to those who suggest to finish the war against the Greek before the German intervention.

but the new offense of 9 March is a new clamorous fiasco.

the Italian tactic, stopping at the First World War and consisting of massacred frontal attacks is confirmed to be exceeded and inefficient. on 17 April Yugoslavia signed surrender and germany can turn its attention to Greek. the Greek countryside has no history. the general von boehme, at the head of 3 divisions of infantry and a armored division, turn to the Olympic mountain despite the resistance of the British troops.
on 23 April the Greek king and government leave at the time of clay and on 28 German troops enter athenes.

that the fate of the Balkans was marked was evident to all. but the obstinacy of Yugoslavia and Greek forced Germany to postpone the attack on Russia with the consequences we will see.

 

[Exatem]

el caudillowe have received the order to take us in front of gibilterra and commuter in search of enemy traffic.
gibilterra remained in English hands despite the German and Italian "pressions" on franc and is from here passing the convoys directed to mortar.
mortar and gibilterra, two clamorous errors.
have already spent several months of war and illusions have left the place to the tragic reality. after six months of war already numerous Italian submarines have sunk and with them many good crews.
is the time of dinner.
on board a submarine the menu is equal for all, from the commander to the sailors. food is not missing, it goes from milk to chickens to canned food even if you need to be careful not to exceed in consumption. Moreover, our life is this, made mostly of deprivation and endurance.
the bunks are half of the crew therefore sleeps in turn in two in the same bed.
only the commander has a bunk for himself.
we don’t talk about “long” diving. for the first 15 hours you can breathe the air of the boat but then you need to enter oxygen that from a bit of well-being and relief. one of the critical moments is the emergence. Our Lady has the task to open the door of the garitta but must do so very carefully. open slowly, balancing the pressure between inside and outside if you do not want the door to fly away. Now you can ventilate the premises by replacing carbon dioxide with fresh air.

All of a sudden general alarm, two enemy fighters have come up from the dark pointing on us at full force, quick dive order, the sailors in the bridge throw themselves into the manoeuvre chamber and after not even thirty seconds, we are already 40 meters deep.
now you have to be thirsty while the boat continues to descend. the instrument marks 100 meters even if the submarine is tested for 80... above the two fighters bomb us adjusting the explosions up to 70 meters but we continue to descend.
less than 140, here the explosions do not even come true but the plates of the hull are tightened in a ferreous bite and creaking under the pressure of the sea.
there was no time to make the replacement of the air and the rats poisoned by the monoxide accumulated in the lower layers, die among our feet.
I've never been so deep down. I had touched the least 100 when I landed on another boat, I was sent on a mission during the Spanish war...

already, the spanish war.. .
While in the 1920s the Italian diplomacy moved in a context of relative peace, the politics of roma, nationalist and rich of imperialist claims, inaugurated with great dino the policy of the "determining weight" aimed at rediscusing the peace treaties of Versailles. the politics of the regime had become more aggressive culminating in the Ethiopian war.
on 18 July 1936, the civil war that saw the Left of the People's Front, and the Falange, an ideologically comparable force to fascism, in the hands of the French Franciscan General. the Spanish republic, led from 1931-32 by a coalition of Republicans and Socialists and then from the centre-right, was shocked by nationalist agitations in cataloguing and social revolt in asturias. In October 1934, the French general was sent to repress the revolts, which, in July 1936, promoted the insurrection of the generals against the government of the People's Front of Azaña (formed by Republicans, Socialists and Communists) which emerged victorious from the February elections.
alongside the republic, many intellectuals and workers, including foreign states (at the outbreak of hostilities already 60,000 volunteers from 53 nations, were offered to help the Republicans) while in support of Franco the Vatican and the fascist regimes.
the Italian contribution was decisive from the beginning of hostilities: the Italian and German aviations carried out an air bridge between the Moroccan and the Spanish to dispose in Spanish territory materials and Francoist forces.
next to the republic, the Soviet Union was opened, which sent military aid and organized international brigades.
Italy sent 70,000 men of the army, 4,000 men of aviation and some units of the Navy; the germany sent the condor legion, the best air bombing squadron.
Although defeated at Guadalajara, the Italian troops were decisive in many military operations, especially in the reconquest of the Republican North and, in the bombing of barcelona that saw the black arrows engaged in March 1938.
in June 1939 the last Italian soldiers were repatriated after the military parade ordered by Franco to celebrate the victory, had been opened by a battalion of black shirts and, closed by the pilots of the condor legion.
It was not simple gratitude, but the admission that the Italian and German intervention had been decisive.
but while for hitler the intervention was due to the need of raw materials present in Spain: Germania had in fact a desperate need of Spanish iron, it is to be wondered why mussolini decided to launch into an enterprise without any real return.
Moreover for the führer it could mean to evaluate the war skills of germany in a kind of test, in addition to the ideological “vicinations”.

none of the two dictators had the return hoped for by the final victory of the French "caudillo".
In fact, the latter will deny the support to the axis and declares itself “not belligerent” by refusing access to the German divisions that would have had to assault gibilterra.
Italy for its part, was never compensated for the huge losses of means suffered by Italy during the Spanish Civil War.

 

[Exatem]

robert15,00 hours. periscope share.
I take a look, nothing.. .
No, wait. .
far away a thread of smoke rising from the grey horizon, bow on and on.
This is a piroscaph that proceeds unaware of us.
19,00 hours identified merchant. proceed to lights off and carry a cannon to the stern. I think to emerge and stop him with cannons but he too is armed and could hit us during the emergence.
at 20.30 I decide for the torpedo and order the ready in the launch room. the beta is good and 600 meters I order out. the variation of weight to prora does not cause changes in order, and a few seconds later ... hit! air to everything and timoni to rise. Let's go see what we got!
20.33 hours on scrap surface, crates and eleven survivors. We welcome them on board and arrange them in the back launch room. the commander confirms to me that I sank a French steamer started from marsiglia and directed to Algeria, the “selik” from 2850 tons. load of timber and building materials.
21:45. diving.
22,10 contact with hydrophones.
It’s the usual noise before. it is already a few days that the hydrophones signal an unusual noise aft. At this point it is strongly suspected that it is not a contact but a noise produced by us. a periscope tour confirms that the horizon is free. We climb to the surface. is ascertained by the director that the noise heard to the hydrophones is caused by the calzone system and that it is not repairable in navigation. I'll get the French commander up on the bridge. asks me permission then light a cigarette that spreads a strong smell, sweetener.
and we begin a pleasant discussion but that soon, inevitably ends with the talk of war.
Suddenly asks me "Why did you Italians allied with Germany? Why did you attack?"I face and hide my gaze in the binoculars. I'm not a politician, but at the same time I don't want to be embarrassed.
of course that germany today seems unstoppable, lung, olanda, belgium, danimarca, Norwegian and france have fallen one after another. mussolini is convinced that the germany of his friend hitler is truly unbeatable now that he is the master of Europe, for the land is only a matter of time.
After the First World War, Germany was in a serious period of political instability. the defeat had been paid at high price. ridiculed by the Treaty of Versailles, with the people to hunger, upset by very serious battles of square, the Weimar government proved too weak to stem the protest and the risk of a Bolshevik revolution was planned. the main reasons for this instability were three:
- fragmentation of political parties, which cannot unite;
- the idea of imperial germany prevails, rather than that of the republic;
- uncertain economic and social situation: low wages, unemployment, inflation.

Step back.

adolf hitler (1889-1945) was born in Austria by a poor family. participates in World War I as a volunteer, distinguishing itself for its merits. after the defeat joins the party of the German workers, a small nationalist group of extreme right led by anton drexler, which draws its origins from circles and seven esoterics such as thule and the influence of the tetri and enigmatic characters, all factors that contribute to creating a macabre halo of mystery and occult about alleged obscure sides of nazional-socialism and about its bond with the world. after having written in the weekly of the party, the völkischer beobachter of monk and after having exhibited, on February 24, 1920, in a brewery of monk (the "hofbräuhaus"), in twenty-five points, his program, founded on racial theories, on July 10, 1921, adolf hitler is appointed head of the movement renamed "national-socialist party of German workers"; the emblem of formation is the svastica, an ancient image of the Indo-European tradition symbolizing fortune, known in the Nordic religion to be linked to the sun and thor representative, the god of lightning; in occult theories, svastica is the most important esoteric symbol, indicated as the emblem of the Aryan race. hitler establishes a party organized militarily, through the birth of the sa (assault squad), the Nazi paramilitary groups, directed by the commander ernst rohm, who are employed by hitler and his followers, in the so-called monk putsch, the failed coup d'éta of November 1923, resulting in the arrest of the future fuhrer and sentenced to five years of imprisonment in the landsberg prison; in reality the captivity, following amnesty, lasts less than a year and precisely during his Hitler detention told the faithful friend hess, the first hour's chamber, the "mein kampf", considered a personal testimony and a political manifesto. in that work Hitler exposes his theories and in particular on social Darwinism, claiming that the Aryan race is destined to prevail over others, requiring the right expansion towards the eastern territories and dominion over the lower peoples. the Jew is the worst enemy as Jews have always been linked to occupations with wide turns of money: bankers, goldsmiths, assholes, etc. the Jew has blame for everything that is happening in germany, and is considered Bolshevik and lower. out of prison, hitler devotes himself to the reconstitution of the national socialist party, attributing him a hierarchy: at the head of the party there is the führer, that is, he himself, while each region has a gauleiter, on which the minor officials depend. The Nazis are supported by the German industries, who see them as a defence tool for Bolshevik communism. In the new elections for the reichstag, on July 31, 1932, the National Socialist Party obtained 37.4% of the votes, becoming the first German party. In the following elections, in November 1932, the Nazis lost two million votes, but on January 30, 1933, Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor of the Reichstag. on 27 February of the same year the reichstag is burned; the blame is given to the communists, and this is the pretext for the emanation of new repressive decrees against personal and political freedoms. New political elections took place on 5 March 1933, and the Nazis obtained 43.9% of the votes. The Communist Members had been arrested, so they could not harm. The National Socialists had a large majority. Thus the third reich of a great germany was born, voted for revenge. the dictatorship of national socialism takes on ruthless forms with the establishment of a climate of terror through the militia of the ss (with police tasks), the secret police of state or gestapo, and the concentration camps. hitler, as leader of the Germanic people, is both leader of the party, and Chancellor, and president of the republic.
on November 25, 1936, Nazi Germany and Japan's empire signed the anti-comintern pact, i.e. against Soviet union.
Italy joined the pact on 6 November 1937. on 22 May 1939, Germania signed with Italy the steel pact, that is the first nucleus of the military alliance that will later be extended, on 27 September 1940, also to the japan giving rise to the axis roma-berlino-tokio (ro_ber_to) and that in the proseguo it will be enlarged to countries like the Hungarian, the Slovak, the Romanesque, the Bulgarian, the Croatian. so the world will be divided into two sides, the axis and allies. Although the axis countries had not established suitable coordination bodies, they were united by the same objectives.
1) the expansion of its territories, with the establishment of real empires, through military conquest and the overthrow of the international order created after the First World War;
2) destruction or at least neutralization of Soviet communism.

It should be noted that the term was used for the first time by mussolini in a speech held in Milan on 1 November 1936 where it defined "axis" the understanding of the previous 25 October. the nations that were part of it were those dissatisfied by the geopolitical arrangement resulting from the First World War and who sought to constitute a "new order". for this purpose it was necessary to counter Western capitalism represented by great brethren, france and united states and communism of Russia.
Although hitler was an admirer of the British Empire demonstrating racist against indigenous peoples (the concentration camps were an English invention in the Boer Wars).
he was also a deep admirer of henry ford (author of the anti-Semitic book "the international Jew"), the capitalist founder of the ford motor company that rewarded with the "big cross of the supreme order of the German eagle" the highest honor of the regime for a foreigner.

 

[numero1]

always punctual and precise.
However, I am allowed that I do not deserve adolf in war, or rather they are created later.

As for thor, I knew it was the god of thunder and not lightning.
the svastica already present among the goths, but dating to much earlier, should represent just the stylized thor hammer, that is when it is launched and rotea on itself.
the cause of the impact of the hammer causes the thunder.

If I remember correctly:

Hi.

 

[Exatem]

always punctual and precise.
However, I am allowed that I do not deserve adolf in war, or rather they are created later.

As for thor, I knew it was the god of thunder and not lightning.
the svastica already present among the goths, but dating to much earlier, should represent just the stylized thor hammer, that is when it is launched and rotea on itself.
the cause of the impact of the hammer causes the thunder.

If I remember correctly:

Hi.

I faithfully take you back to my "sources" (which are not absolute)."Thor worship lasted long in Scandinavian regions. the god, associated with lightning and thunder, has been compared to zeus and hercules in the Western world. "As for the svastica, I remind you that "It is a very ancient symbol, if you find trace in Asian, Mongolian, India and also in central America. in many cultures of the ancient and new world, the celtes, the ancient Greeks, the Etruscans, the Egyptians, the mesopotams and the Aztecs knew it.
can turn left or right depending on the folds of its hooks. in the southern area the “gances” are occasionally turned towards the inside or broken; in the Germanic one instead the thor hammer and depicted in the form of a wide cross.
its importance must be traced back to the romantic exaltation of Germanism that made its appearance on horseback in the two centuries. first, in 1910, it was adopted as a sign of airship by various anti-Semitic groups.
Then the right-joint cross appeared in 1919 as a heraldic symbol of the thule-geselschaft and, according to the baron glauer von sebottendorff (founder of the thule), indicated the ascending path of the sun from the winter solstice to that of summer.
in 1919 friederich krohn, belonging to the thule, had proposed a wide cross left but the idea was not successful.
In the end the svastica was adopted by hitler as a symbol, before the National Socialist Party, and later, from 1933 to 1945, placed below the imperial eagle became the emblem of the third reich. the svastica with the arms facing left is due to the erroneous conviction of the Indo-European and Aryan origin of the symbol. "As far as the merits of war are concerned, I will try to deal with this more time available.
Bye.

 

[Exatem]

always punctual and precise.
However, I am allowed that I do not deserve adolf in war, or rather they are created later. . .
Hi.

a historian, named thomas weber, wrote a book entitled "hitler's first war" according to which the future dictator would not have had special merits during the great war. his role would have been that of fellow citizens and this would not allow him to obtain honour.
It can certainly be that the figure of the "great leader" was created in art, but the official biographies, for now, report another version.
hitler comes to fight the war as, if so you can say, "disertore". In 1913 he left Austria and emigrated to Germany. He does it a year before the outbreak of the great war. He does so to escape the Austrian military service, but not because it is contrary to war, indeed, he wants to fight, but with germany and not with the austrian. In fact, as soon as the war began, it enlisted as a volunteer in the German army. in the war, hitler finally feels comfortable but remains a simple soldier because his superiors do not believe it suitable for commanding, because of his strong individualism. his comrades will remember him as a bit strange, who often made very radical political speeches, but also a little confused.
the biographies report that he enrolled as a volunteer in the 16th battalion of Bavarian infantry ("list regiment") on August 1, 1914. is sent in france and in belgium as relay carriers (ordonnanz) and on October 7, 1916, during the battle of the sums, is wounded to a thigh and hospitalized near sedan. the next March returns to the front where he fights all the battles of Flanders distinguishing himself in combat. for this he received the Second Class Iron Cross in November 1916 and the First Class Cross in August 18.
on 28 September is again wounded during the battle of cambrai - san quintino. Surprised by an English attack by the Duke of Wellington, the Germans are overwhelmed. one of the platoon soldiers, henry tandey, seeing hitler wounded and unable to defend himself, decides to save his life, gesture that is confirmed by the same soldier years later: "I couldn't shoot a wounded man, so I let him go. God knows how sorry I saved him." so the corporal, miraculously escaped, is again at the front. remains temporarily blinded by the iprite during the battle of passchendaele and again admitted.
during the death he learns of the German surrender. the regiment "list", of which also belonged his future dolphin, rudolf hess with the rank of lieutenant, is withdrawn from the front of the Flanders at the end of November 1918 and the soldiers fall into the baviera monk at the beginning of December, finding it in prey to the communist revolution that in the meantime had burst as in other German cities.
The rest we know.

 

[Tequila]

sempre al top :finger:

 

[numero1]

Always at the top exatem, it is a pleasure to read you.

I do not discuss the merits of hitler even if I continue to remember confusedly something contrary, and not reported to the sorico weber.

I'm almost sure of what I say on the grounded cross.

I already knew that it had been used a long time ago by other peoples, but for the Nordic peoples of Europe it represents what I said the stylization of the launch of the thor hammer.
if I do not remember badly was in use in many populations the fact of turning a symbolic hammer over the heads of the couple at the time of marriage as good wishes.

If I find the source, I'll write it to you.

Hi.

 

[Exatem]

If I find the source, I'll write it to you.

Hi.

ok, it is always my interest to read more sources, even contrasting, on a single episode.
Bye.

 

[numero1]

about thor seems to be the god of thunder (as I said) and lightning (as you said), so both.
on the hammer I found this:hammer reproductions were very popular in Scandinavian and used in blót and other sacred ceremonies, for example weddings. in 1925, a gothland, a hammer was placed on the bed of newlyweds to bring fertility to the new family. during the period of conversion to Christianity, he was competing with the symbol of the cross and sometimes worn at the same time.I'ho arrested from the qui: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/mjöllnir that, I want to point out is not my source, that I keep not remembering.
the search continues....

 

[Exatem]

about thor seems to be the god of thunder (as I said) and lightning (as you said), so both.. .

One equal. :biggrin:
then I expect the outcome of the research. :finger:
Hello and thank you.

 

[enri09]

in the Celtic tradition I don't know, but I'm sure that the combined cross is used by the Etruscans as a stylization of the sun: I'm sure I saw her in some rock sculptures somewhere in Tuscany or Umbria.

I see something about it as soon as possible.

edit: found: in the sovana park cable (gr) http://www.moveaboutitaly.com/toscana/maremma/sovana_cavone_dsc_6567.jpg

 

[Exatem]

heroes24 January 1941 – xviv
after the defeat of France, the military situation in northern Africa became very favorable for the Italians. the dismilitarization of French tunisia could allow the movement of troops along the Egyptian border. the conquest of the egitto and the canal of suez would allow to join the possessions in northern and eastern africa by eliminating from the Mediterranean every English base.

the governor of the libia italo balbo could have of the 5th army of the general gariboldi divided into x, xx and xxiii army body with 500 cannons and 2,200 trucks, and of the 10th of the general berti constituted from xxi and xxii armoured body with 1,600 artillery pieces and 1,000 trucks. in total 200,000 men plus 30,000 Libyans, 339 light tanks type l3, 8 tanks fiat 3000 and 7 armor. Air forces had 315 fighter and bombing aircraft.
The British had an egypt of the “western desert force” commanded by the general or’connor with 40,000 men divided into the 7th armoured division, the 4th Indian division, the 6th infantry division and a New Zealand brigade.
the wagons were 134 light carts mark iv, 114 middle carts cruiser and 38 autoblindo. air forces were numerically equivalent to Italian ones.

In this context, what was more concerned with the balm was the armoured forces. the governor, aware of the superiority of the British media, asked roma new armored forces equipped with more powerful means with a message addressed to him in which he said: “Our assault tanks are old and armed only with machine guns. British machine guns have bullets that can pierce the subtle armours of our tanks. we do not have tanks, our anti-tank guns are old and ineffective against the British means”.
balbo had hoped to have the French material made available in tunisia but the conditions of the armistice prevented him.
so obtained from Rome the sending of 70 average carts m11/39 (which will arrive in July).
The Africa initiative was taken on 10 June by the British attacking some Italian positions along the Libyan border. the following day the armor of the 11th Wesari Regiment attacked an Italian column escorted by 17 light tanks l3. all the Italian tanks were destroyed or captured and the colonel of forefather, fallen into combat, was the first gold medal at the value in northern africa. on 12 and 13 the positions of omar sidi and reduced maddalena, were attacked and the Italians forced to retire while, on 14 was annihilated the department of the reduced nipple. As a result, the positions of azeiz sidi had to be abandoned and retreated towards bardy. The British attacked and retreated, making attempts to counterfeit Italian. he had to wait on June 28th and the signature of the armistice with the france before moving to the offensive. Badoglio telegraphed the order to prepare for the action for the 15th of the following month.

but just that day, at 17.40, the trimotor s79 of balbo was mistakenly shot by the anti-aircraft cruiser san giorgio moored in tobruk. Italo balbo was replaced by the general Graziani who arrived at three times on the 30th while at the beginning of July the 70 m11/39 promises arrived at balbo beyond 500 vehicles.

the average wagon m11/39 (see attachments) was a armored medium of 11 tons moved by a 105 cv motor and armed with a 37/40 semiautomatic cannon and two 8mm bred guns. divided into two battalions, ii and ii, had the baptism of fire on August 5 near sidi azeiz when they collided, having the best, against the British wagons that suffered 4 losses.

After several altercations between mussolini and abbey, Graziani presented his plan of action. we would be advanced towards sidi el barrani on two directors, one along the coast and the other inside. for this action to be held at the end of August, Graziani asked another 600 trucks but, at 15.30 on 7 September 1940, Mussolini ordered the offensive for day 9, without granting the necessary means.
so they had to accept the refusal of the trucks and, consequently, change the plans of the offensive. not being able to carry all the departments, the general decided to advance the bulk of the troops along the coastal road. on 8 September the order was issued to the departments.
air protection was guaranteed by the 5th team with 300 aircraft.

the march of the Italians was immediately made difficult by the "ghibli" that prevented the observation and aerial support while on the ground the temperature exceeded 45.
However, the advance was so quickly that a 24-hour stop was ordered on the 12th morning to reorder the deployments. at dawn of 13 began the attack towards sollum, first place beyond the border. after a heavy bombardment of artillery and airplane, at 8.30 already the Italian troops entered the city forcing the English to retreat. but the British mobile artillery managed to inflict considerable losses and the coastal road was destroyed while numerous minefields were laid. so many means were forced to advance out of the streets finishing sanded or jumping on the mines. However, on September 16, black shirts entered sidi el barrani abandoned by the English.
in this offensive we had 120 dead and over 400 wounded against 50 English casualties.

fall sidi el barrani, the British trenched 120 km east, in a place called “marsa matruh” where the general or’connor planned to support a defensive battle with the few remaining tanks. but Graziani, instead of leading the final attack and destroying the enemy troops, stopped again asking the rome to send automezzi and placing the wards in fortified fields. mussolini had to intervene again by ordering graces to attack marsa matruh by and no later than 15 October. but Graziani replied that in order to attack the enemy he needed artillery pieces from 149/13 and new wagons m13/40, a better wagon of 11/39. but on October 28, the Greeks' campaign began and Graziani finally lost the hope of obtaining the required reinforcements. the British on their part, were amazed by the lack of Italian action and thus passed to the counter-offensive. They began a series of small clashes culminated in the battle of 19 November when two Italian columns rejected the British who immediately returned to the attack hitting ours during the fall. then intervened our aeroplane that mistreated the troops forcing them to retreat. a squadron of cr42 collided with a enemy squadron knocking down 6 planes without losing.

the Italians remained in sidi el barrani until December despite mussolini continued to incite Graziani to the offensive.
the reliable attitude of the general was harshly criticized by the duce who telegraphed him:”who has benefited from this long stop? to us or to the enemy? I do not succeed a single minute to answer, it has benefited more, indeed exclusively, to the enemy."In fact, the British had all the time to reorganize preparing the counter-offensive of December in Italian immobilism. and yet some signs were there, British patrols resumed their actions until they arrived at the hard alam abu hileiuat clash of 19 November. the liabilities of the pardons soon irritated the head of the government “...it makes no sense to have 16 months to prepare, to have 15 divisions available and to bring home just sidi el-barrani”. at the beginning of November 40, the 3rd battalion carri m equipped with the first 37 m13-40 and general berti left the command at the parigrado gariboldi. the tenth army was repositioned the command proved quite optimistic on the resumption of the initiative. instead he was about to take the English offensive.

the difficulties encountered by the Italians, due to the chronic lack of cars and the inadequate performance of the wagons, led to consider the possibility of an intervention of the German ally in Africa.
had begun to speak already from the previous September in a meeting between the generals marras and jodl and, he had restarted one month later, when on 4 October the two dictators had met in the Brenner. the 3rd German armoured division thus began preparations while the general von thoma carried out a coat in libia. This decision was also due to dissides among the Italian leaders. mussolini was willing to accept the German intervention provided that it was not preponderant and did not disfigure the Italians; Badoglio and Graziani were clearly opposed and opposed. among the Germans there were conflicting opinions, the intervention in Africa meant opening a Mediterranean front while Hitler had no other thoughts than for the Soviet Union. the admiral reader and the general jodl intended to take a decisive blow to the land while the general halder opposed it.
it was after the Italian attack on the Greek that hitler began to be interested in the Mediterranean.
the relationship that von thoma did to hitler was net and made clear all the deficiencies of the Italian ally.
In short, insufficient wagons and lower than the British, unsuitable armor and equipment, in short, a real crushing. to cope with the need, the general suggested the sending of 4 armoured divisions that would spread in egitto defeating the western desert force.
This resulted in the replacement of Italian troops with German troops. hitler, angry with Italy for the opening of the Greek front, refused the plan of von thoma and he was willing to send a division, “...that the Italians can do it alone.” (follow...)